The enlightenment brought by Israel's agricultural development

The enlightenment brought by Israel's agricultural development

Israel has less cultivated land and harsh natural conditions. The arable land area is only 4100km2, which is about 20% of the country's land area. The national agricultural population is about 120,000, accounting for 2% of the country's total population. The total agricultural output value is 3.5 billion US dollars, accounting for the total domestic production. 7.5% of the value In the agricultural output value, the planting industry accounted for 57.4%, the animal husbandry accounted for 42.6% of agricultural and sideline products for export, and the annual export earned about 2.1 billion US dollars.

In addition to planting wheat and corn forage crops, Israel has a large proportion of economic crops and economic forests such as tomatoes, sweet peppers, watermelons, sunflowers, strawberries and orchards. Fruit and vegetable yields are among the highest in the world. Israel's aquaculture industry is highly developed. The milk yield of the first cows is 40 L/day, and the average annual milk production is 12,000 L/head. The annual milk yield of single-headed cows is currently ranked first in the world.

Israel's agriculture is world-famous because of advanced agricultural and agricultural mechanization techniques.

Greenhouse technology

Fruit production plays an important role in Israeli agricultural production. Israel exports about 55,000 tons of fruit every year. The variety of climatic conditions allows Israel to pick fruit at the beginning and end of the fruit season, even after the peak season. The cultivation of these fruit varieties is based on greenhouse technology.

Israel's greenhouse agriculture has grown from 900 hm2 in the 1980s to more than 3,000 hm2 now, and has been updated for three generations. Israel's greenhouse structure is very strong, able to withstand strong winds, using computers to automatically control water, fertilizer and climate, automatic temperature control, humidity control, air conditioning, dimming, including curtains and skylights, and automatic reflection system for sunlight.

For example, citrus, through the regulation of water, fertilizer and light, the result period is up to 8 months, can be divided into multiple batches of picking, and does not affect the next year's citrus fruit, no size.

In the 0.067 hm2 greenhouse, Israeli farmers can harvest 200,000 roses and 20 t tomatoes in one season, while Daejeon tomato produces only 1/4 of its output. Plastic film is the main cover of greenhouses. Israel attaches great importance to the development and utilization of thin films. Modern plastic films are more durable and resistant to the corrosion of sulfides in insecticides. They also block some of the spectrum harmful to plants in the sun, like filtering. Like the same, let the required UV rays come in and distribute the effective light to the plants to a large extent.

Recently, a new type of film has caused great interest, and pests will die at the touch of a finger. Israel's new technology has made the greenhouse more advanced. The greenhouse can cool down during the day and heat up at night, while energy consumption is very low. Computer software manufacturers maintain close ties with farmers and provide farmers with advanced and effective solutions.

Water saving irrigation technology

Because Israel is in arid and semi-arid regions, there is almost no precipitation from April to November every year. There is no river in the country, and fresh water resources are extremely scarce. It is a truly expensive country. Therefore, the Israelites called water "blue gold."

The production and domestic water supply in the country is supplied by underground water pipelines extending in all directions. The irrigation of crops, orchards and vegetables is solved by drip irrigation for water saving. That is, a series of plastic pipes with different calibers are used to directly transport water and fertilizer dissolved in water to the root of the crop through water pipes. Timing and quantitative supply are controlled by computer.

At present, more than 90% of Israel's farmland, 100% of orchards, green areas and vegetable cultivation use drip irrigation for irrigation. The widespread application of drip irrigation technology has enabled Israel to increase its area from 165,000 hm2 to 435,000 hm2 since the founding of the country in 1948. The irrigated area of ​​farmland has increased from 30,000 hm2 to 231,000 hm2, and the utilization rate of water resources has reached more than 95%. Drip irrigation technology not only saves water, but also plays an extremely important role in the development of agriculture. The yield of tomatoes produced by drip irrigation was 110 t per 1 hm2, 40 t for peppers and grapes, and 70 t for eggplants.

Nowadays, Israel's drip irrigation and water-saving irrigation technology is being promoted around the world. The amount of drip irrigation can be controlled by the size of the dripper. The large dripper can fill 20,000 to 50,000 L per 1 h, while the small dripper only injects 0.2 L per 1 h. Fertilization and irrigation integration saves a lot of labor. The fertilization amount is small through soil testing and formula fertilization, so that it can meet the growth of crops, reduce the loss of fertilizer, and water and fertilizer only drip into the roots of crops. The weeds in the water and fertilizer can not grow out.

Drip irrigation is also good for controlling pests and diseases. For example, after drip irrigation for grape growing, pests and diseases are greatly reduced. The reason is that the leaves of the grapes are afraid of water, and the leaves that are wet with rain are prone to pests and diseases and should not be sprinkled.

Variety and seed commodity modernization

Israel attaches great importance to the development of new crop varieties. They use biological genetics and other means to cultivate seeds and seedlings of good quality, disease and insect resistance, suitable for local natural conditions, and to guide farmers in planting with advanced cultivation techniques.

Israel exports up to $30 million in seeds annually to the world market. Alpine crops in Israel are almost always high-yield. For example, cotton can produce 0.37 t of lint per 0.067 hm2, which can be made into 0.12 t fiber, and each labor force produces cotton worth 100,000 US dollars per year. Another example is citrus. In the past 30 years, the yield of the orchard has increased from 1.3 t/0.067 hm2 to 3.3 t/0.067 hm2 in the past 5 years, and the high yield has reached 4 to 5.3 t/0.067 hm2.

Because Israel attaches great importance to the study of extraordinary varieties, it constitutes a modern production process from varieties to commodities.

Enlightenment from Israel's agricultural and agricultural mechanization technology

Israel is one of the countries with scarce natural resources in the world, mainly due to the extreme shortage of water and cultivated land resources. However, Israel is one of the countries with developed agriculture in the world. Its agricultural miracle created in the Middle East desert has become a model for resource-saving agriculture in the world.

Advanced concepts, management and technology have enabled the country to use 2.2% of the agricultural population to feed 7.2 million nationals while also becoming Europe's main winter vegetable import base. Israel's agricultural model has certain reference significance for China's modern agricultural construction, where per capita water and cultivated land resources are also in short supply.

(1) Adhere to science and technology as productivity and take the road of sustainable development. Such as Israel's low-volume, low-toxic pesticide and non-diffusion pollution technology and application machinery, fertilizer deep application technology and machinery, no-tillage machinery and complete sets of equipment, etc., is enough to illustrate this.

(2) Give full play to the creativity of science and technology. Israel has used 50 years to develop the world's modern agriculture in a harsh environment. They rely on scientific and advanced concepts to make full use of technology as a productive force. Israel attaches great importance to the cultivation of talents and the improvement of the quality of workers in the development of agriculture. Make education investment a fundamental economic investment. Since the 1970s, Israeli education funding has consistently exceeded 8% of the national gross national product. All aspects of society attach great importance to vocational training.

(3) Strengthen government investment and encourage research and development. Emphasis on research and development, scientific research and production are closely integrated, and policy measures and market mechanisms are combined. This is the development mechanism of Israeli agriculture.

(4) Develop an active water conservation policy. More than 1/2 of Israel's land belongs to semi-desert areas, so the poor and lack of water has become two major problems in Israeli agricultural development. In response to these two major problems, the government has formulated an active policy to improve the utilization rate of water, improve agricultural productivity, and develop the two overall development goals of saltwater and reclaimed water irrigation management systems, and establish a national water transfer project. Irrigation technology, transformation of damaged soil, provides a stable and reliable resource for intensive farming.

(Original title: Is the gap between Chinese agriculture and Israeli agriculture a full 70 years?)