Sintering iron ore raw material, manganese ore, fluxes, fuel and industrial waste material.
There are many kinds of iron minerals in the earth's crust. Any rock that can iron-bearing minerals under the modern technical conditions is called iron ore. According to the main iron-bearing minerals of iron ore, iron ore can be divided into four types: magnetite ore, hematite ore, limonite ore and siderite.
(1) The main chemical composition of magnetite ore magnetite is Fe 3 O 4 , and the theoretical iron content is 72.4%. Magnetite can also be regarded as FeO•Fe 2 O 3 , and the crystal of magnetite is multi-octahedron. The composition of the structure is relatively dense and hard, generally in the form of a block or granular. Its exterior color is steel gray and black gray, and the streak color is black.
Magnetite density of 4.9 to 5.2 g / cm 3, hardness of 5.5 to 6.5, but it has a dark metallic luster, and magnetic, it is easy separation than other types of iron ore.
The gangue of magnetite is mainly quartz , various silicates (such as chlorite, etc.) and carbonates, and sometimes a small amount of clay . In addition, because the ore containing apatite and pyrite, sphalerite and sometimes brass ore, magnetite is generally sulfur, phosphorus was high, and containing copper and zinc.
Magnetite containing more titanium and vanadium is called titanomagnetite and vanadium titano-magnetite.
The magnetite of the surface layer is partially oxidized to hematite due to oxidation, but still retains the crystalline form of magnetite, which is called pseudo-hematite or semi-artificial hematite. According to the content of magnetite and imaginary hematite in iron ore, it is generally classified by the ratio of Fe/FeO (ie, magnetic rate):
Fe total / FeO% = 2.33 is pure magnetite ore;
Fe total / FeO% < 3.5 for magnetite ore;
Fe full / FeO% = 3.5 ~ 7 is a semi - artificial hematite ore;
Fe total /FeO%>7 is a pseudo-hematite ore with a large degree of oxidation and thus has lost its magnetic properties.
In the formula Fe —the total iron content in the ore, %;
FeO—the content of iron oxide in ore, %.
Iron silicate and iron carbonate ore contain FeO, but this part of iron is not magnetic. Therefore, siderite (magnetic rate 1.4), pyrite, pyrrhotite (magnetic rate > 3.5), limonite and mirror iron ore can not be measured by magnetic rate.
The crystal structure of magnetite is very dense, so its reducibility is worse than other iron ore.
China's magnetite reserves are extremely rich, and there are rich magnetites in Anshan, Benxi, Baotou, Tangshan, Handan, Ma'anshan, Jinling, Daye, Guangdong, Dabaoshan and Sichuan Panzhihua. However, most of them are lean ore, and 20-40% of iron is to be selected and agglomerated before being smelted into the blast furnace.
(2) Hematite ore
The main anion is iron ore with hematite, chemical formula of Fe 2 O 3 , iron content of 70%, oxygen content of 30%. Its crystal shape is a sheet and plate assembly. The surface of the sheet has a metallic luster, and the bright mirror is called specular iron ore; the fine sheet is called mica flake hematite; the laterite hematite (iron meteorite) is red powder and has no luster. In addition, there are aggregates such as warts, beans and kidneys formed by colloidal deposition. The crystalline hematite appearance is steel gray and iron black, the others are dark red, but the streaks are dark red.
The physical structure of hematite varies widely, from very dense crystallization to very loose powder. The hardness of the crystallized hematite is 5.5-6, the hardness of the soil and powder is very low, and the specific gravity of hematite is 4.8-5.3.
In the hematite ore, it often contains 1 to 8% of residual magnetite and partially formed limonite. The gangue is often quartz. Generally, it contains low sulfur and low phosphorus, so it can be used to smelt low-phosphorus benzite. Hematite has good reductive properties.
China's hematite producing areas are mainly Xuanhua in Hebei, Hainan Island in Guangdong, Jiuquan in Gansu, Changyang in western Hubei, and Liguotun in Jiangsu. The hematite in different regions has large fluctuations in iron, and there are poor or rich hematite, but the reserves of poor hematite are large.
Natural hematite waste itself non-magnetic, poor hematite reselection commonly used, a magnetic roasting magnetic separation, flotation or hybrid processes to handle: Recent intensity magnetic separation process to Jiuquan, Ma On Shan, Nanshan iron beneficiation Some results have been achieved. [next]
(3) The main iron-bearing mineral of limonite ore is water-containing Fe 2 O 3 , and its chemical composition can be expressed by mFe 2 O 3 •nH 2 O. According to the crystal water contained, limonite can be divided into the following five types:
Water hematite (2Fe 2 O 3 •nH 2 O): containing 5.32% & of crystal water, 66.1% iron;
Goethite (Fe: Oo•H=O): containing 10% water of crystallization, 62.9% iron;
Limonite (2Fe 2 O 3 •3H 2 O): containing 14.39% crystal water, 60.0% iron;
Pyrite (Fe 2 O 3 • 2H 2 O): containing 18.37% water of crystallization, 57.2% iron;
Yellow ochre (Fe 2 O 3 • 3H 2 O): contains 25.23% crystal water and 52.2% iron.
Most of the limonite in nature exists in the form of 2Fe 2 O 3 •3H 2 O. According to the study of X-ray diffraction, various limonites actually have only one crystal, that is, crystals of goethite Fe 2 O 3 •H 2 O(2FeO•OH).
The density of limonite is 3.0-4.2 g/cm 3 and the hardness is 1-4. Since limonite is formed after weathering of other iron ore, the texture is soft, the density is small, and the water content is large. Therefore, it is not suitable to enter the blast furnace directly, and it must be baked or agglomerated.
The limonite in nature is very rich in ore, generally containing 37 to 55% of iron. Since limonite is mostly present in sedimentary rocks, the gangue is mostly soluble carbonate, phosphate, sulfate and other salts. minerals under, or deposited from the deposit when generating cloudy earth, bauxite and the like. Therefore, the content of harmful elements such as sulfur, phosphorus and arsenic in limonite is generally high.
In order to improve the grade of limonite, re-election and roasting are often used. The former use of clay minerals and the impurity density varies separated, so that the latter becomes Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 magnetic roasting to crystallization by water, and then separated by magnetic separation and gangue minerals.
There are small-scale limonite deposits in Guangdong, Shanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan.
(4) The main iron-bearing mineral of siderite ore is siderite, and its chemical formula is FeCO 3. The siderite contains Fe48.2%, FeO62.1%, and CO 2 37.9%. The common one in nature is hard. The siderite has a yellowish-brown and gray color and turns dark brown after weathering. The streaks are gray or yellow. Glass luster, density 3.9, hardness 3.5~4.
The siderite part of the siderite is easily weathered into limonite. It is widely distributed in nature as a clayite siderite, which is a deposit deposited in sediment with many soils and sediments. Sometimes it is symbiotic with mud-carbon materials and is black, called carbonaceous iron ore.
The siderite is often mixed with carbonates such as magnesium , manganese, and calcium. The crystals of these carbonates are all of the same type of rhombohedron. The siderite ore generally contains 30 to 40% of Fe. After calcination, the iron content is significantly increased, the ore is also porous, easily broken, and its reducing property is also good.
A large-scale siderite deposit has not yet been discovered in China.
(5) Manganese ore
Manganese ore is a raw material used to make manganese sinter for smelting ferromanganese in blast furnace. Sometimes a small amount of manganese ore powder is added to the iron ore sintering batch, and the purpose is to make the MnO content of the blast furnace slag reach 6-10%, so as to reduce the viscosity of the slag and improve the fluidity of the slag. Manganese ore fines are also advantageous for increasing the yield and quality of sintering. However, the price of manganese ore is relatively expensive, so in general, sintering is not accompanied by manganese ore powder. The natural world contains a wealth of manganese ore resources, but there are only a few manganese ore available for mining under current technical conditions. There are mainly pyrolusite, hard manganese ore, manganese ore, brown manganese ore and rhodochrosite.
China's manganese ore production area is widely distributed, with the richest in Guangxi and Hunan provinces. Such as Guangxi Mugui, Chaen, Yishan, Hunan Xiangtan, Guangdong Qinxian, Guizhou Zunyi, Liaoning Chaijiayu, tile house, Lingyuan, Hebei Jixian, Lingshou, Shanxi Pan'an, Jiangxi Leping, Jiangsu Nanjing and other places.
There are many kinds of iron minerals in the earth's crust. Any rock that can iron-bearing minerals under the modern technical conditions is called iron ore. According to the main iron-bearing minerals of iron ore, iron ore can be divided into four types: magnetite ore, hematite ore, limonite ore and siderite.
(1) The main chemical composition of magnetite ore magnetite is Fe 3 O 4 , and the theoretical iron content is 72.4%. Magnetite can also be regarded as FeO•Fe 2 O 3 , and the crystal of magnetite is multi-octahedron. The composition of the structure is relatively dense and hard, generally in the form of a block or granular. Its exterior color is steel gray and black gray, and the streak color is black.
Magnetite density of 4.9 to 5.2 g / cm 3, hardness of 5.5 to 6.5, but it has a dark metallic luster, and magnetic, it is easy separation than other types of iron ore.
The gangue of magnetite is mainly quartz , various silicates (such as chlorite, etc.) and carbonates, and sometimes a small amount of clay . In addition, because the ore containing apatite and pyrite, sphalerite and sometimes brass ore, magnetite is generally sulfur, phosphorus was high, and containing copper and zinc.
Magnetite containing more titanium and vanadium is called titanomagnetite and vanadium titano-magnetite.
The magnetite of the surface layer is partially oxidized to hematite due to oxidation, but still retains the crystalline form of magnetite, which is called pseudo-hematite or semi-artificial hematite. According to the content of magnetite and imaginary hematite in iron ore, it is generally classified by the ratio of Fe/FeO (ie, magnetic rate):
Fe total / FeO% = 2.33 is pure magnetite ore;
Fe total / FeO% < 3.5 for magnetite ore;
Fe full / FeO% = 3.5 ~ 7 is a semi - artificial hematite ore;
Fe total /FeO%>7 is a pseudo-hematite ore with a large degree of oxidation and thus has lost its magnetic properties.
In the formula Fe —the total iron content in the ore, %;
FeO—the content of iron oxide in ore, %.
Iron silicate and iron carbonate ore contain FeO, but this part of iron is not magnetic. Therefore, siderite (magnetic rate 1.4), pyrite, pyrrhotite (magnetic rate > 3.5), limonite and mirror iron ore can not be measured by magnetic rate.
The crystal structure of magnetite is very dense, so its reducibility is worse than other iron ore.
China's magnetite reserves are extremely rich, and there are rich magnetites in Anshan, Benxi, Baotou, Tangshan, Handan, Ma'anshan, Jinling, Daye, Guangdong, Dabaoshan and Sichuan Panzhihua. However, most of them are lean ore, and 20-40% of iron is to be selected and agglomerated before being smelted into the blast furnace.
(2) Hematite ore
The main anion is iron ore with hematite, chemical formula of Fe 2 O 3 , iron content of 70%, oxygen content of 30%. Its crystal shape is a sheet and plate assembly. The surface of the sheet has a metallic luster, and the bright mirror is called specular iron ore; the fine sheet is called mica flake hematite; the laterite hematite (iron meteorite) is red powder and has no luster. In addition, there are aggregates such as warts, beans and kidneys formed by colloidal deposition. The crystalline hematite appearance is steel gray and iron black, the others are dark red, but the streaks are dark red.
The physical structure of hematite varies widely, from very dense crystallization to very loose powder. The hardness of the crystallized hematite is 5.5-6, the hardness of the soil and powder is very low, and the specific gravity of hematite is 4.8-5.3.
In the hematite ore, it often contains 1 to 8% of residual magnetite and partially formed limonite. The gangue is often quartz. Generally, it contains low sulfur and low phosphorus, so it can be used to smelt low-phosphorus benzite. Hematite has good reductive properties.
China's hematite producing areas are mainly Xuanhua in Hebei, Hainan Island in Guangdong, Jiuquan in Gansu, Changyang in western Hubei, and Liguotun in Jiangsu. The hematite in different regions has large fluctuations in iron, and there are poor or rich hematite, but the reserves of poor hematite are large.
Natural hematite waste itself non-magnetic, poor hematite reselection commonly used, a magnetic roasting magnetic separation, flotation or hybrid processes to handle: Recent intensity magnetic separation process to Jiuquan, Ma On Shan, Nanshan iron beneficiation Some results have been achieved. [next]
(3) The main iron-bearing mineral of limonite ore is water-containing Fe 2 O 3 , and its chemical composition can be expressed by mFe 2 O 3 •nH 2 O. According to the crystal water contained, limonite can be divided into the following five types:
Water hematite (2Fe 2 O 3 •nH 2 O): containing 5.32% & of crystal water, 66.1% iron;
Goethite (Fe: Oo•H=O): containing 10% water of crystallization, 62.9% iron;
Limonite (2Fe 2 O 3 •3H 2 O): containing 14.39% crystal water, 60.0% iron;
Pyrite (Fe 2 O 3 • 2H 2 O): containing 18.37% water of crystallization, 57.2% iron;
Yellow ochre (Fe 2 O 3 • 3H 2 O): contains 25.23% crystal water and 52.2% iron.
Most of the limonite in nature exists in the form of 2Fe 2 O 3 •3H 2 O. According to the study of X-ray diffraction, various limonites actually have only one crystal, that is, crystals of goethite Fe 2 O 3 •H 2 O(2FeO•OH).
The density of limonite is 3.0-4.2 g/cm 3 and the hardness is 1-4. Since limonite is formed after weathering of other iron ore, the texture is soft, the density is small, and the water content is large. Therefore, it is not suitable to enter the blast furnace directly, and it must be baked or agglomerated.
The limonite in nature is very rich in ore, generally containing 37 to 55% of iron. Since limonite is mostly present in sedimentary rocks, the gangue is mostly soluble carbonate, phosphate, sulfate and other salts. minerals under, or deposited from the deposit when generating cloudy earth, bauxite and the like. Therefore, the content of harmful elements such as sulfur, phosphorus and arsenic in limonite is generally high.
In order to improve the grade of limonite, re-election and roasting are often used. The former use of clay minerals and the impurity density varies separated, so that the latter becomes Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 magnetic roasting to crystallization by water, and then separated by magnetic separation and gangue minerals.
There are small-scale limonite deposits in Guangdong, Shanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan.
(4) The main iron-bearing mineral of siderite ore is siderite, and its chemical formula is FeCO 3. The siderite contains Fe48.2%, FeO62.1%, and CO 2 37.9%. The common one in nature is hard. The siderite has a yellowish-brown and gray color and turns dark brown after weathering. The streaks are gray or yellow. Glass luster, density 3.9, hardness 3.5~4.
The siderite part of the siderite is easily weathered into limonite. It is widely distributed in nature as a clayite siderite, which is a deposit deposited in sediment with many soils and sediments. Sometimes it is symbiotic with mud-carbon materials and is black, called carbonaceous iron ore.
The siderite is often mixed with carbonates such as magnesium , manganese, and calcium. The crystals of these carbonates are all of the same type of rhombohedron. The siderite ore generally contains 30 to 40% of Fe. After calcination, the iron content is significantly increased, the ore is also porous, easily broken, and its reducing property is also good.
A large-scale siderite deposit has not yet been discovered in China.
(5) Manganese ore
Manganese ore is a raw material used to make manganese sinter for smelting ferromanganese in blast furnace. Sometimes a small amount of manganese ore powder is added to the iron ore sintering batch, and the purpose is to make the MnO content of the blast furnace slag reach 6-10%, so as to reduce the viscosity of the slag and improve the fluidity of the slag. Manganese ore fines are also advantageous for increasing the yield and quality of sintering. However, the price of manganese ore is relatively expensive, so in general, sintering is not accompanied by manganese ore powder. The natural world contains a wealth of manganese ore resources, but there are only a few manganese ore available for mining under current technical conditions. There are mainly pyrolusite, hard manganese ore, manganese ore, brown manganese ore and rhodochrosite.
China's manganese ore production area is widely distributed, with the richest in Guangxi and Hunan provinces. Such as Guangxi Mugui, Chaen, Yishan, Hunan Xiangtan, Guangdong Qinxian, Guizhou Zunyi, Liaoning Chaijiayu, tile house, Lingyuan, Hebei Jixian, Lingshou, Shanxi Pan'an, Jiangxi Leping, Jiangsu Nanjing and other places.
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