Mineral processing is the process of separating the useful minerals from the gangue minerals to the maximum extent, removing the gangue, enriching the useful minerals, or separating the commensible useful minerals from one another to obtain a high grade one or more concentrates.
1. Beneficiation: Separating useful minerals from gangue minerals to the greatest extent, removing gangue, enriching useful minerals, or separating commensal useful minerals from each other to obtain high-grade one or more concentrates. process.
2. Rock: A collection of minerals consisting of one or more minerals is called rock. Or, the material that makes up the earth's crust.
3, ore: means that under conditions of modern technology, or can be processed directly farewell refined metal compounds, and other rock.
4. Mineral: A natural element or compound naturally formed in the earth's crust with a fixed chemical composition and physicochemical properties.
5. Useful minerals: minerals, ores and rocks that can be used by humans.
6. Gangue: Some parts of the ore that have no industrial value or are temporarily unavailable for human use.
7. Surrounding stone: The ore around the ore body is called surrounding rock. The surrounding rock in the upper part of the ore body is called the upper plate or the top plate. The surrounding rock in the lower part of the ore body is called the lower plate or the bottom plate, and the surrounding rock sandwiched between the ore bodies is called the stone.
8. Waste rock: The surrounding rock of the ore body and the rock are called waste rock. In fact, the concept of ore and waste rock is relative. Low grade ore and surrounding rock and stone belonging to the industrial grade below the ore boundary grade are collectively referred to as waste rock.
9. Ore grade: refers to the content of certain metals, non-metals or other useful components in the ore, generally expressed as a percentage, and some expressed in grams per ton of ore.
10. Raw ore grade: refers to the percentage of certain metals, non-metal or other useful components and raw ore in the ore entering the plant.
ratio.
11. Concentrate grade: refers to the percentage of a certain metal (or non-metal or other useful component) and concentrate contained in the concentrate.
12. Tailings grade: The percentage of certain metals (or non-metallic or other useful components) and tailings contained in the tailings.
13. Gravity first ore: referred to as re-election, which is a beneficiation method based on the difference in specific gravity (density) of various minerals in the ore. Mineral particles of different specific gravity are subject to liquid dynamics and other mechanical forces in moving media (water, air, heavy media). Layering is formed to separate light and heavy minerals. The re-election method together with the following flotation method, magnetic separation method, and electro-election method are the main beneficiation methods.
14. Floating ore dressing: referred to as flotation, flotation is usually froth flotation, which is based on the difference between the physical and chemical properties of the mineral surface (mainly wettability, electrical, adsorption, and chemical reactions such as dissolution and oxidation). After the treatment of the agent, the difference in surface properties of the various minerals in the slurry becomes more pronounced, so that the mineral particles can be selectively attached to the surface of the bubble and the minerals attached to the surface of the bubble are lifted onto the surface of the slurry. Foam flotation is a complex process. It is a selective separation process.
15. Magnetic beneficiation: referred to as magnetic separation, according to the natural magnetic properties of minerals, under the action of the magnetic field of the magnetic separator, the minerals are subjected to different forces, so that the minerals can be separated.
16. Electro-election method: It is a method of sorting according to the difference in mineral conductivity.
17. Rough selection: After the blending of the slurry, the first step of the flotation is carried out, and the coarse concentrate operation which is higher than the original ore grade but generally does not meet the quality requirements of the concentrate is selected.
18. Selection: The crude concentrate obtained by rough selection is re-selected and the operation of qualified concentrate is obtained.
19. Sweeping: After the rough selection, it can not be used as the re-selection of the slurry discarded by the final tailings. In order to improve the recovery rate, it is necessary to reduce the tailings grade, and the sweeping is often carried out many times.
20. Concentrate: After the ore is sorted, most of the gangue and impurities are removed, so that the useful minerals are fully enriched in the final product.
21. Middle mine: The intermediate product obtained during the sorting process (usually the concentrate of the sweeping operation and the tailings of the selected operations). The medium grade is generally between the final concentrate and the tailings grade. Medium mines generally need to be returned to an appropriate operating point for re-selection or separate treatment.
22. Tailings: After the ore is sorted, the main useful components are enriched in the concentrate, and the remaining parts are not recycled. Tailings generally contain a certain amount of minerals with recycling value, but they are temporarily discarded due to the technical level of a certain period of time or the cost of continuing recycling is too high. Therefore, the tailings should be kept safe.
23. Yield: The percentage of the weight of a product to the weight of the ore during the beneficiation process. Calculation of yield (applicable to the entire selection process or to any stage or one of the operations).
Where: y______ yield (%)
Q0 - original ore weight (t) Qx - weight of a product (t)
――-Original ore grade (%) β——Special grade (%)
Θ——tailing grade (%) ε-recovery rate (%)
Note: Each of the above symbols represents the same meaning in each of the following formulas and is not indicated more than once.
24. Recovery rate: refers to the weight of the metal or other useful components in the concentrate product as a percentage of the weight of the material in the ore. Recovery is an important beneficiation indicator. It reflects the degree of recovery of metal (or other useful components of recovery) and the level of mineral processing technology in the beneficiation process , and manages the quality of work.
Recovery rate calculation (applicable to the entire beneficiation process and any stage, one operation).
Qk---concentrate production (t)
25. Dressing ratio: the ratio of raw ore to concentrate. Or: Tonnage of raw ore required for the selection of one ton of concentrate. Calculation of the dressing ratio:
Where i --- -- beneficiation ratio (times)
26. Rich ore ratio: refers to the ratio of the grade of a useful mineral in the concentrate to the grade of the original ore thrown, that is, the concentrate grade is several times the grade of the original ore. Rich ore ratio calculation:
iB --- --- rich ratio (times)
27. Fraction recovery: Refers to the recovery of a specific grade of metal (or other useful component) in a concentrate. The purpose of determining the fractional recovery rate is to analyze the reasons for the high recovery rate. The calculation formula of the fractional recovery rate is the same as the above calculation formula of the recovery rate.
28. Metal distribution rate: refers to the percentage of metal in each product and the amount of metal in the ore during the beneficiation process. The metal distribution rate of the work refers to the ratio of the amount of metal in a work product to the amount of metal in the work. The metal distribution rate has the same meaning as the recovery rate, except that it only indicates the metal distribution in each product.
29. Beneficiation efficiency: Also known as sorting efficiency, the basic meaning is the ratio of the growth of useful minerals or metals in the concentrate during the beneficiation process to the growth under the imaginary optimal conditions. It is a comprehensive indicator for evaluating the quality of the beneficiation process. The dressing efficiency expression (ie, the calculated fraction) is:
Where: E―——————Selection efficiency (%)
e, γk ——————respect the recovery rate and yield of concentrate (%)
γQ————————% of useful minerals or metals in raw ore (%)
ã€,β————― Useful mineral or metal grade in ore and tailings (%)
β―——————The theoretical grade of useful minerals or metals in concentrates (%)
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